...The fi rst attempt to coordinate and streamline planning in the water and sanitation sector came as early as 1974, when the fi rst National Water Master Plan Study, developed with assistance from the Government of Sweden, was launched. At the same time the then Ministry of Water Development was created to coordinate actors involved in the provision of water and sanitation services. The master plan was updated through a study conducted between 1990 and 1992 with assistance from the Japanese Government.Implementation of the 1974 and 1992 water master plans was not effective because government development activities were then based on a project approach, perceived to have several weaknesses. These include piecemeal planning; donor-driven investments; little incentive to minimize costs; compromised technical standards; and gradual undermining of government systems especially at the local level. Furthermore, other sector studies in the early to mid-1990s, such as the Delineation Study of the Water and Sanitation Sector in Kenya, highlighted major problems and constraints, largely institutional, with regard to meeting sector objective

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